Politik transaksional lahir dari sistem Demokrasi, dimana kedaulatan berada di tangan rakyat. Kedaulatan adalah kekuatan tertinggi, yang menentukan benar dan salah, juga sah dan tidak. Sementara itu, ketika benar dan salah, sah dan tidaknya diserahkan kepada rakyat, bukan hukum syara’, dampak yang paling serius adalah tidak adanya patokan yang baku. Karena itu, salah dan benar, sah dan tidak itu bisa berubah. Semuanya ditentukan oleh kepentingan. Di sinilah pangkah lahirnya transaksi-transaksi politik. Akhirnya, tidak ada teman yang abadi dalam politik. Yang adalah kepentingan yang abadi.
Politik transaksional itu bisa terjadi antara parpol dengan parpol, antara kelompok civil society dengan parpol, dan begitu seterusnya. Di sistem Demokrasi, yang menempatkan kekuasaan di tangan rakyat, memang telah terjadi simbiosis mutualisme antara berbagai kepentingan. Penguasa untuk berkuasa membutuhkan modal besar. Modal yang besar ini diperoleh dari pengusaha. Setelah penguasa yang didukung pengusaha ini sukses menjadi penguasa, maka para cukong ini mendapatkan konsesi, berupa proyek dari penguasa. Begitulah, traksaksi-transaksi politik yang terjadi antar berbagai kekuatan di dalam sistem Demokrasi.
Ketika Kedaulatan di Tangan Syara’
Khilafah adalah Khalifah. Kekuasaan Khalifah terhadap negara [Khilafah] betul-betul bulat. Tidak terbagi, sebagaimana yang dikenal dalam konsep Trias Politica Montesque. Kekuasaan eksekutif, legislatif dan yudikatif, semuanya di tangan Khalifah. Karena itu, Khalifah dalam sistem Khilafah sangat kuat. Karena kekuasaannya benar-benar penuh dan bulat.
Agar kekuasaan yang begitu besar, penuh dan bulat ini tidak merusak, maka syarat Khalifah pun sangat ketat. Harus Muslim, adil [tidak fasik], laki-laki, baligh, berakal, merdeka dan mampu. Ketujuh syarat ini disebut syarat in’iqad, yang menentukan sah dan tidaknya seseorang menjadi Khalifah, juga menentukan diberhentikan atau tidaknya seseorang dari jabatan Khilafah. Meski kekuasaan seorang Khalifah itu begitu besar, tetapi dia tetap tunduk kepada hukum syara’.
Jika dia dan aparatur negara lainnya melakukan pelanggaran hukum syara’, maka bisa dilihat: Pertama, jika pelanggaran tersebut terkait dengan kebijakan, atau penyalahgunaan wewenang, maka untuk menghentikan pelanggaran ini adalah tugas Mahkamah Mazalim. Kedua, jika pelanggaran tersebut terkait dengan syarat in’iqad-nya, seperti menjadi murtad, berubah menjadi perempuan, fasik, tidak merdeka, hilang ingatan, dan tidak mampu, misalnya, maka ini juga tugas Mahkamah Mazalim untuk menghentikannya. Ketiga, terlibat kasus hukum sebagai rakyat biasa, maka kasusnya bisa diadili di Mahkamah Khushumat, atau cukup Qadhi Hisbah, bergantung kasusnya.
Karena itu, meski kekuasaan Khalifah begitu kuat, tetapi tidak berarti dia tidak tersentuh hukum. Dia juga tidak mempunyai kekebalan hukum. Sebaliknya, dia tunduk kepada hukum, karena kedaulatan Negara Khilafah di tangan hukum [syara’]. Bukan di tangan manusia. Karena itulah, Khalifah juga tidak bisa bersembunyi di balik baju kekuasaannya untuk melanggar hukum.
Sekalipun kekuasaan di tangan umat, tetapi kekuasaan itu tidak bisa digunakan rakyat untuk menjatuhkan Khalifah. Karena, hak pemakzulan dirinya diberikan kepada Mahkamah Mazalim, bukan kepada Majelis Umat, partai politik atau rakyat. Keputusan pemakzulan oleh Mahkamah Mazalim juga tidak ditentukan oleh desakan rakyat, Majelis Umat, partai politik, militer atau pengusaha, tetapi ditentukan oleh hukum syara’.
Dengan begitu, Khalifah benar-benar merdeka, independen dan hanya tunduk kepada Allah dan hukum syara’, bukan kepada yang lain. Selain itu, dengan ketakwaannya, dia pun menjadi pribadi yang luar biasa. Dengan berpegang teguh pada syara’, dia pun bisa bersikap adil kepada siapapun. Dia mengurus seluruh urusan rakyatnya, tanpa pandang bulu. Satu-satunya pertimbangannya adalah hukum syara’. Karena itu, Khilafah menjadi negara semua pemeluk agama, semua etnis, bangsa, kelompok dan golongan. Bukan negara bagi kelompok atau etnis tertentu, apalagi cukong.
Parpol dan Kekuasaan
Sering politik transaksional ini terjadi karena negara menerapkan konsep rulling party (partai berkuasa). Konsep seperti ini tidak dikenal dalam Islam, dan tidak akan ada dalam sistem Negara Khilafah. Karena itu, meski Khalifah dan beberapa pejabat pentingnya berasal dari partai tertentu, tetapi setelah mereka berkuasa, hubungan antara mereka dengan partai politik pengusungnya sama dengan yang lain.
Partai politik pengusung mereka ini juga tidak merasa sia-sia, karena tugasnya adalah menjalankan hukum syara’, mengantarkan Khalifah dan beberapa pejabatnya untuk menduduki posisi tertentu, agar bisa menerapkan Islam secara kaffah. Setelah itu, tugas partai ini adalah mengoreksi kebijakan Khalifah dan para pejabatnya, jika melakukan penyimpangan dari hukum syara’. Begitu juga sebaliknya, Khalifah dan para pejabat publiknya akan menjaga jarak yang sama, dengan seluruh rakyatnya, baik dengan partai pengusungnya maupun bukan.
Dengan begitu, tidak ada hubungan balas jasa, atau balas dendam. Karena semua pihak, baik penguasa maupun rakyat, tunduk kepada hukum syara’. Bukan kepentingan, baik pribadi, kelompok atau partai. Inilah esensi dari kedaulatan di tangan syara’. Dengan cara seperti ini, tradisi traksaksi dalam sistem politik sekular dan Demokrasi tidak akan terjadi dalam sistem Khilafah.
Regulasi Ekonomi dan Bisnis
Sebagai negara yang berdiri di atas landasan akidah Islam dan terikat sepenuhnya dengan ketentuan syariah, maka struktur ekonomi dan bisnis Khilafah pun sepenuhnya terikat dengan ketentuan syara’. Khilafah tidak membatasi pemilikan dan pengembangan harta dengan jumlah, sebagaimana yang dianut Sosialisme-Komunisme, atau dengan liberalisasi, sebagaimana yang dianut Kapitalisme. Tetapi, pemilikan dan pengembangan harta diatur berdasarkan syariah.
Dalam hal ini, semua warga negara mempunyai hak yang sama, baik Muslim maupun non-Muslim, apapun etnis, suku dan bangsanya. Semuanya juga mempunyai kewajiban yang sama, terikat dengan hukum syariah. Meski mereka bukan Muslim. Jika melanggar, mereka pun dikenai sanksi yang sama dengan orang Islam. Karena itu, semua warga negara bisa berkompetisi dengan sehat dan profesional, karena negara berdiri dalam posisi yang sama bagi mereka.
Empat sumber ekonomi utama, seperti pertanian, perdagangan, jasa dan industri bisa dimiliki dan dijalankan oleh seluruh rakyat, sesuai dengan ketentuan syariah. Setiap rakyat bisa memiliki lahan pertanian, dan dimanfaatkan sesuai dengan peruntukannya. Begitu juga setiap rakyat bisa melakukan jual-beli, menyediakan dan memanfaatkan jasa yang halal. Sedangkan industri, bergantung pada barang yang diproduksi. Jika barang tersebut barang milik umum, maka industri seperti ini harus dikuasai dan dijalankan oleh negara.
Karena itu, industri Migas, Batubara, Listrik, Panas Bumi, Perhutani dan kepemilikan umum lainnya, serta industri strategis dan yang menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak harus dikuasai dan dijalankan oleh negara. Tidak diserahkan kepada swasta, baik domestik maupun asing, apapun pertimbangannya. Dengan demikian, Negara Khilafah menjadi negara yang kuat, karena mempunyai sumber pendapatan yang luar biasa, dan nyaris tak terhingga. Pada saat yang sama, dengan ketersediaan sumber kekayaan yang berlimpah, kewajiban negara untuk menjamin distribusi barang dan jasa juga bisa dilakukan dengan sempurna.
Di sisi lain, regulasi, dominasi, kontrol dan posisi negara yang menjaga jarak yang sama terhadap seluruh rakyatnya, membuat Negara Khilafah dan Khalifah tidak bisa dikontrol oleh kelompok atau etnis tertentu. Satu-satunya yang bisa mengendalikan dan mengontrol negara adalah hukum syariah. Karena itu, di dalam Negara Khilafah tidak akan pernah ada simbiosis mutualisme, antara Penguasa dan Pengusaha, atau Penguasa dengan etnis tertentu.
Kolusi, korupsi dan nepotisme tidak ada. Praktik suap dan sejenisnya juga tidak ada. Karena seluruh rakyat dan aparatur negara terikat dengan hukum syariah, apapun agama mereka. Ketakwaan yang menjadi pondasi Negara Khilafah, individu dan masyarakat juga menjadikan mereka sangat disiplin, bersih dan profesional. Bahkan, jika ada indikasi KKN, Negara Khilafah akan mengambil tindakan tegas terhadap pelakunya.
Kesimpulan
Dengan sistem politik, ekonomi dan peradilan seperti ini, serta dasar akidah Islam dan terikat sepenuhya pada hukum syara’, Negara Khilafah merupakan satu-satunya negara yang benar-benar kuat, merdeka, bersih, profesional dan bisa bertahan selama ribuan tahun. Prestasi seperti ini belum pernah bisa diraih oleh peradaban manapun dalam sejarah, kecuali Islam.
Inilah uniknya sistem Khilafah. Keunikan yang tidak terdapat dalam sistem manapun di muka bumi ini, kecuali sistem Khilafah. Hanya orang yang buta mata dan hatinya, yang selalu menutup mata terhadap realitas ini. [] KH Hafidz Abdurrahman
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